PQQ: A Vitamin-Like Compound for Energy and Balance

Cellular Energy and PQQ

We often think of fatigue, slow reactions, or trouble concentrating as “just not enough rest.” But the real root can lie deeper inside our cells: the number and function of mitochondria—the cell’s “power plants”—tend to decline with age and stress, leaving the body in a low-energy state.

When people think of mitochondrial energy, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) often comes to mind. But there is another molecule of interest in research for energy and antioxidant function: pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), sometimes described as a vitamin-like compound.

In simple terms: PQQ is not officially classified as a vitamin but works in a vitamin-like way to support energy metabolism.

PQQ and Mitochondrial Biogenesis

• Mitochondrial numbers are not fixed. Cells can “build new factories” when needed. PQQ activates PGC-1α, a regulator that triggers transcription factors such as NRF-1 and NRF-2. This promotes mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription, leading to new mitochondria formation.
• In one animal study, PQQ supplementation increased mitochondrial number by 60.2% and functional mitochondria by 169% (mouse model; results may not directly apply to humans).

In simple terms: PQQ helps cells create more energy factories, at least in laboratory and animal studies.

Antioxidant Efficiency in Experimental Systems

Every day, metabolism and respiration produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Too many ROS attack mitochondrial membranes, DNA, and proteins—like an engine overheating.

In controlled in-vitro redox cycling experiments:

• PQQ remained stable through ~20,000 cycles, compared with ~4 cycles for vitamin C.
• Reviews note that in these systems, PQQ’s redox cycling efficiency was reported as 100–1000× higher than vitamin C.

👉 In simple terms: In lab experiments, PQQ acts like a long-lasting antioxidant, though this does not mean it works the same way in the human body.

Areas of Research

1. Supporting Cardiovascular Vitality

The heart is the body’s nonstop pump. Under chronic stress, inflammation can affect heart cells. Experimental studies suggest PQQ may influence NF-κB pathways, which are involved in inflammatory responses related to cardiac hypertrophy and damage.

In simple terms: Research suggests PQQ may support the heart’s defenses against oxidative stress and inflammation.

2. Cognitive Support and Memory

The brain requires large amounts of energy. PQQ has been studied for its role in stimulating nerve growth factor (NGF) production, which supports neuron vitality and repair.

• In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (20 mg/day, 8–12 weeks), supplementation was associated with improved cognitive flexibility and processing speed in younger adults (20–40 years), and better memory performance in middle-aged adults (41–65 years).

In simple terms: PQQ may help support sharper memory and focus in adults, within study contexts.

3. Fatigue and Energy

Chronic fatigue is often linked to oxidative stress and low mitochondrial activity.

• In a small clinical trial (17 adults with fatigue and sleep concerns, 20 mg/day, 8 weeks), PQQ supplementation was associated with reduced daytime fatigue and improved vitality scores.

In simple terms: Some studies suggest PQQ may help reduce fatigue, though results vary by individual.

4. Skin and Barrier Function

Skin cells also rely on mitochondrial activity. PQQ has been studied for its potential to support collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis while reducing oxidative stress in dermal collagen.

• In a randomized, double-blind study (20 mg/day, 8 weeks), women reported improvements in skin dryness and texture, along with reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

In simple terms: PQQ may support skin hydration and resilience, though results depend on the individual.

FAQ

Q1: How long before I notice effects?
A: Most clinical trials observed outcomes within 8–12 weeks at 20 mg/day.

Q2: Can I take it every day?
A: Studies have used 20 mg/day for 8–12 weeks with good tolerance. Always follow your product’s label.

Q3: Is it safe for everyone?
A: PQQ was well tolerated in studies, but pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and individuals with medical conditions should consult a healthcare professional before use.

References

1. Jonscher, K. R., Chowanadisai, W., & Rucker, R. B. (2021). Pyrroloquinoline quinone is more than an antioxidant: A vitamin-like accessory factor important in health and disease prevention. Biomolecules, 11(10), 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101441

2. Stites, T., Storms, D., Bauerly, K., Mah, J., Harris, C., Fascetti, A., & Rucker, R. B. (2006). Pyrroloquinoline quinone modulates mitochondrial quantity and function in mice. Journal of Nutrition, 136(2), 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.2.390

3. Wen, J., Shen, J., Zhou, Y., Li, L., Li, Y., Chen, S., & Wang, Y. (2020). Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 45(3), 873–885. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4468

4. Nakano, M., Nakano, K., & Oyanagi, E. (2012). Effects of oral supplementation with PQQ on stress, fatigue, and sleep. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2(8), 307–324. https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/88

5. Nakano, M., Ohta, Y., & Oyanagi, E. (2015). Effects of orally administered PQQ disodium salt on dry skin in mice and women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 61(3), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.61.241

6. Ikemoto, K., Murase, Y., Miura, H., Itoh, M., & Tanaka, K. (2022). The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes. Journal of Medical Investigation, 71(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.71.1

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.

This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Results may vary by individual.